The large enemies of the Nails are :

- The water
- The aggressive manicures
- The detergent  products.
- Bad  cosmetics.
- Bad formulared and abrasive nail polish remover.
- Allergic substances.
- Blows.
- Fungus infections.
- Bacteria.
- Systemic illnesses.

The most common problems that we detect in an insane fingernail are :
THE ABC OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE Fingernails

Acrodisostosis: Fingernails of the short  hands made oval or broad.

Acrosteólisis: It refers to the destruction of part of the distal  phalanx .

Allergies: allergies can become manifest through the fingernails after having applied on supersensitive skin, some products that contain allergic substances.

Alopecia areata: The plate of the nail is rough with embossed aspect.

Anoniquia: Absence of a part or the totality of one or several fingernails.

Braquioniquia: The width of the bed of the nail is bigger than its length.

Coiloniquia: Inversion in the curvature of the axes of the nail

Cromoniquia: Alteration of color in the nail that appears as the result of the combination between  the shine of the nail and the  pink of the bed of the skin.

Ectodermal Displasia: Group of hereditary alterations.

Cupuliformes  Depressions: Point shaped erosions of the plate of the nail.

Ungueal Unfasten: Complete  loss of the nail plate.

Darier’s Illness: Dystrophy or Traquioniquia is an inflammatory benign illness acquired in the root of the nail

Longitudinal striations: If they are regular and  not very pronounced, they are not important alterations.
Transverse striations: Furrows or transverse depressions of the plate of the nail, also called Beau’s lines. They are given after an alteration growth of the nail.

Fotoonicólisis: The plate of the nail is sensitive to the Ultra violet radiation.            

Frailty: It becomes manifest for the tendency to break, breaking or fracturing oneself. The traumatic processes or the utilization of chemical products like alkaline detergents, solvents or bad formulated and aggressive nail polish removers are, among others, the principal causes.

Anular Granuloma: Atypical  causes of paroniquia at the level of extremities.

Hemorrhages in splinter: Longitudinal hemorrhages of the ungueal bed.

Hiperoniquia: Fingernails that show an ample surface

Hypertrophy: More frequent in toenails. They become thicker  and  stretch . Many times it is due to tight shoes.

Hiperqueratosis: Infectious etiology of the ungueal bed and hiponiquio.

Fungus: The mycosis that more frequently  affect the fingernails and toenails are  provoked by yeasts.

Chemical lesion of the nail: The artificial nails fixed to the fingernails harm chemically the plate of the nail

Leuconiquia: More frequent alteration of color. Generally they show white transverse stains provoked for little blows in the root.  

The flat lichen: The flat lichen is an illness that affects the skin and the mucous. It can last among some months and a year and even more if it only affects the fingernails.

Red lunule: Erythema of all or part of the half-moon
Melanoniquia: Increase in melanism production  in the ungueal matrix.
Onicauxia: The ungueal plate appears thickened due to a hiperqueratosis

Onicofagia: Compulsive habit to eat or to bite oneself’s fingernails the nervous persons are more predisposed. The free border disappears and the fingernail sinks in the bed.

Onicoclasia: Broken of the fingernails

Onicocriptosis: Also so-called ingrown nail

Onicogrifosis: It consists in the curvature and exaggerated enlargement of the fingernail.

Onicolisis: Lateral detachment of the fingernail from its bed and for the border of growth

Onicomadesis: Separation of the area of the nail plate at the root’s zone.

Onicomalacia: Softening of the nail or fingernails

Onicomicosis: The mycosis that more  frequently affect the fingernails and  toenails are caused by yeasts.
Onicorrexsis: Fissure or longitudinal breaking of the fingernails. We find it in nutritional alterations due to the lack of minerals.

 Nutritionals: The lack of minerals is found   in these alterations.

Onicoquicia: Peeling or splitting in plates of the fingernails provoking a separation of its coats.

Onicosquisis: Peeling  or splitting  in plates of the fingernails

Onicotilomania: Compulsive tearing of the fingernails

Whitlow: Infection of soft parts of the space of the fingertip.

Paroniquia: It is  characterized for the chronic or intense inflammation of the perioniquio.

Congenital Paquioniquia: The congenital Paquioniquia is a hereditary upset.

The ungueal psoriasis: The psoriasis can also affect the fingernails.

The ungueal pointing: Point shaped depressions of the ungueal plate

Retinoides: Alteration in the queratization of the fingernails

Sarcoidosis: Atrophic  fingernails, fragile, weak, brittle, sunfold in coats.

Syndrome of the yellow fingernails: Association with illnesses of respiratory track , detention of ungueal growth, hard fingernails.

The growth of the nail is longitudinal, that means that the cells grow from the root and they disappear when we cut our nails.
The fingernails of the hand, for an adult’s average, grow approximately 0.1mm up-to-date.
The growth in children is higher and in old people is lower.
The toenails  grow between a third and a fourth more slowly. So, in order to regain one fingernail delays between five or six months and one of the toenails between 15 and 18 months.
 
The fingernails are flexible in the children, transparent, of flat and convex surface.
In adults, the fingernail is harder and  resistant appraising always the presence of the half-moon at the cuticle’s zone.
In older people, the fingernail lose brilliance, it becomes opaque, grayish, fragile, and the half-moon tends to disappear.
A healthy fingernail has an oval shape, is flat and with a partially pink color. This pink color is due to the existing a blood flow in the bed of skin and to the transparent characteristics of the nail.
The fingernail then, as well as for its color like for its distinct forms, constitutes a mirror of our healthy status.

As we all know about in an ordinary form the fingernails are plates placed in the superior face of the extreme of the fingers of hands and feet. The surface of the skin covered by them is called the ungueal  bed.

The fingernail is surrounded by an area of skin “unguea lrodete”  and a zone of free growth.

The fissure that exists between the area of skin that surrounds the fingernail and the bed  is called “ungueal furrow.

The nearest edge to the cuticle zone is called the root of the nail. The visible part of the nail is called body of the nail and as we have previously stated it is surrounded by skin and it has a zone of free growth, this zone is called “distal portion” and it is extended forward, besides, it wears down in time or it is cut.

The aspect of the nail is semitransparent and permits that the color of the skin that lies under it shows up through it.

Stuck to the cuticle or the zone of the root, the fingernail has a whitish color and in the shape of a half moon, this half-moon normally is covered by the skin of the cuticle.

The plate of the nail is formed by dead remains of conical epithelial cells distributed in a  longitudinal form, that means lined in direction to the growth.

As the fingernail goes away forming itself in the matrix, it goes away moving forward the fingernail simply goes away sliding on the ungueal bed.

 Image anatom - a

A. Proximal fold

B. Cuticle

C. Lateral fold

D. Ungueal plate

E.Ungueal matrix

F. Lunule

G. Hiponiquio

 
 

 Image anatom - b

 A. Epidermis

B. Cuticle

C. Ungueal bed

D. Collagen fibers

E. Ungueal plate

F. Bone

G. Epidermis

H. Lateral border

I Hiponiquio